1A

In the present digital age, social media has revolutionised our way of communication and interaction. However, it has raised several ethical issues and challenges. Describe the key ethical dilemmas in this regard. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION Social media has changed the way we talk, share information, and connect with each other. While it has made communication faster and easier, it has also created new ethical problems. These challenges arise because the technology is moving much faster than our laws and moral rules.

BODY

Using social media creates several ethical dilemmas for everyday users (not just companies or professionals). These arise because our actions online affect others, ourselves, and society — often in ways that aren't immediately obvious.

Here are the major ethical dilemmas most people face when using platforms like Instagram, WhatsApp, X (Twitter), Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, etc.:

1. Privacy vs. Sharing / Convenience We regularly share personal information, photos, locations, opinions, and even our children's images — often without fully understanding who can access it (friends + friends-of-friends + algorithms + data brokers + future employers + hackers). → Dilemma: How much privacy are you willing to sacrifice for connection, validation, or convenience? Is posting that family photo / location story fair to the other people in it who didn't explicitly consent?
2. Spreading (or silently allowing) Misinformation & Fake News Liking, sharing, or retweeting something emotionally charged without checking facts is extremely easy — and very common. → Dilemma: Do you have a moral responsibility to verify before amplifying? What if staying silent lets harmful falsehoods spread faster (elections, health myths, communal violence, etc.)?
3. Cyberbullying, Hate Speech, and Online Cruelty vs. "Freedom of Expression" Many users face the choice: join pile-ons, make sarcastic/mean comments, or report/block toxic behaviour. Anonymous or semi-anonymous accounts make cruelty feel costless. → Dilemma: When does "just joking" or "telling it like it is" cross into harming someone's mental health or safety? Should you intervene when you see targeted harassment?
4. Addiction & Mental Health Impact on Self and Others Platforms are intentionally designed to keep you scrolling (infinite scroll, notifications, streaks, reels). Heavy use correlates strongly with anxiety, depression, body-image issues (especially among teens/young adults), FOMO, and sleep problems. → Dilemma: Is it ethical to keep using something you know harms your own mental health? What about modeling constant phone use in front of children/family?
5. Performative Virtue / Virtue Signaling vs. Genuine Action Posting black squares, hashtags, or emotional stories about social issues can feel like doing something — but often replaces real-world action (donating, volunteering, changing behaviour). → Dilemma: Are you posting to help the cause or to look good? Does performative activism do more harm than good by giving people a false sense of contribution?
6. Echo Chambers & Polarisation Algorithms feed you more of what makes you angry or affirms your views → reduced exposure to opposing perspectives → increased intolerance. → Dilemma: Should you actively follow / engage with people who think very differently from you, even if it's uncomfortable? Or is curating a "healthy feed" a valid personal choice?
7. Doxxing, Mass Reporting & "Cancel" Culture Decisions Deciding whether to expose someone's real identity, workplace, or contact info after they post something offensive. → Dilemma: Where is the line between accountability and disproportionate punishment / privacy destruction? Does the punishment fit the "crime"?
8. Children's Privacy & Digital Footprint Parents posting hundreds of photos/videos of kids ("sharents") creates a permanent digital record the child never consented to. → Dilemma: Is it fair to trade your child's future privacy/autonomy for your social currency or memories today?
9. Online Disinhibition Effect  one of the most powerful and well-documented ethical tensions in social media use: anonymity (or pseudonymity) often creates a major internal conflict for users, and research strongly supports what you're describing. Psychologists call this the Online Disinhibition Effect (coined by John Suler in 2004), where people behave in ways online that they would never consider in face-to-face situations. Dissociative anonymity is listed as one of the primary factors: when your real identity isn't easily linked to your actions, the usual social brakes (shame, fear of consequences, reputation damage) weaken dramatically.
10. Anonymity needed or not   Many ethicists and researchers point to anonymity as a core enabler of cyber cruelty, misinformation amplification via throwaways, and the general degradation of online discourse. But at the same time, banning anonymity entirely creates its own huge ethical problems:

·    It protects dissidents, whistleblowers, abuse survivors, LGBTQ+ youth in hostile families, journalists in repressive countries.

·    Real-name platforms (like Facebook) still have massive harassment, because some people are cruel even when identified.

·    Forcing identity can chill free speech and expose vulnerable people to real-world danger.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, social media should be used to empower people, not exploit them. We need a balance where technology respects human values. Only by setting clear ethical rules can we ensure that the digital age remains a force for good in society.

1B

"Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but a product of civil education and adherance of the rule of law." Examine the significance of constitutional morality for public servant highlighting the role in promoting good governance and ensuring accountability in public administration. (10M)

INTRODUCTION:
The idea of constitutional morality was prominently articulated by B. R. Ambedkar during the Constituent Assembly debates. He observed that “constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but has to be cultivated.” It refers to adherence to the core values and principles embodied in the Constitution such as liberty, equality, justice, and the rule of law. For public servants, constitutional morality acts as an ethical compass guiding administrative conduct beyond mere procedural compliance.

BODY

The Meaning of Constitutional Morality

In a diverse country like India, people have different religious and social beliefs. Sometimes, these social beliefs may go against modern values—for example, the practice of untouchability or gender discrimination. Constitutional morality means that an officer must prioritize the "Morality of the Constitution" over "Social Morality." Even if a majority of people believe in an unfair tradition, a public servant must stand by the law and protect the rights of every individual.

Promoting Good Governance

Constitutional morality is the foundation of good governance. It encourages an officer to be "Impartial" and "Non-partisan." When an administrator follows this principle, they ensure that government schemes reach the poorest person (Antyodaya) without any discrimination based on caste, creed, or religion. It helps in building "Inclusive Growth" because the officer sees themselves as a custodian of the people's rights, ensuring that the "Rule of Law" prevails over the "Rule of Men."

Ensuring Accountability in Administration

Accountability is not just about answering to seniors; it is about being answerable to the Constitution. A public servant with strong constitutional morality will not misuse their power for personal gain or succumb to political pressure. They understand that they are "Public Servants" and not "Masters." This mindset creates a culture of transparency where every decision is made for the public good, and errors are admitted and corrected honestly.

Upholding Individual Dignity

The heart of our Constitution is the dignity of the individual. Constitutional morality guides an officer to treat every citizen with respect. Whether it is a common man visiting a government office or a person from a marginalized community, the officer ensures their fundamental rights are protected. This prevents the "Tyranny of the Bureaucracy" and makes the administration more "Compassionate" and "Human-centric."

Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

Public servants often face difficult choices where two values clash. For example, a law might be strict, but a person’s situation might be desperate. In such cases, constitutional morality helps the officer find a balanced solution that stays within the law but also fulfills the "Spirit of Justice." It provides the "Ethical Courage" to do what is right, even when it is difficult or unpopular.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, constitutional morality is the soul of a vibrant democracy. For a public servant, it is not just a legal duty but a personal commitment to the ideals of the nation. By practicing these values, an administrator can bridge the gap between the government and the citizens. True "Good Governance" is only possible when the men and women in power breathe life into the Constitution through their daily conduct and unwavering integrity.

2A

Carl von Clausewitz once said, "War is a diplomacy by other means." Critically analyse the above statement in the present context of contemporary geo-political conflict. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION:
The famous dictum “War is a continuation of diplomacy by other means” was articulated by Carl von Clausewitz in his classic work On War. Clausewitz viewed war not as an irrational act of violence but as a political instrument employed by states when diplomatic negotiations fail. In contemporary geopolitics, the relevance of this idea can be examined in the context of evolving forms of warfare, strategic competition, and the continued interplay between military power and diplomacy.

BODY:

War as an Instrument of Political Objectives:
Clausewitz argued that war is fundamentally subordinate to political goals. States resort to war to achieve objectives that diplomacy alone cannot secure. Contemporary conflicts often reflect this logic. For instance, in the Russia–Ukraine War, military action is closely tied to Russia’s strategic aim of preserving its sphere of influence and altering the regional security order. Similarly, wars and military operations frequently emerge from unresolved diplomatic disputes over territory, security, or power.

Interplay of War and Diplomacy in Modern Conflicts:
Even during armed conflicts, diplomacy continues to operate simultaneously. Negotiations, sanctions, alliances, and peace talks accompany military operations. The conflict in Ukraine demonstrates how military engagement, economic sanctions, and diplomatic negotiations coexist. This suggests that war still functions as an extension of political bargaining in the international system.

Limitations of Clausewitz’s Idea in Contemporary Context:
However, modern warfare has evolved beyond the conventional state-to-state conflicts Clausewitz studied. The rise of non-state actors, terrorism, cyber warfare, and hybrid warfare complicates the relationship between war and diplomacy. For example, conflicts involving terrorist organizations often lack clear diplomatic channels, making the Clausewitzian framework less applicable. Moreover, the presence of nuclear weapons has significantly altered strategic calculations, as large-scale war between major powers could lead to catastrophic consequences.

Emergence of “War-like” Instruments of Diplomacy:
In today’s world, states often use economic coercion, cyber attacks, and strategic competition as substitutes for conventional war. Trade sanctions, technological restrictions, and information warfare have become tools of geopolitical contestation. These methods indicate that while the essence of Clausewitz’s insight remains relevant, the forms through which political conflict is expressed have expanded.

CONCLUSION:
Thus, Clausewitz’s statement retains significant explanatory value in understanding the link between politics and war. However, contemporary geopolitics shows that the boundaries between war, diplomacy, and other forms of strategic competition have become increasingly blurred. In the modern international system, war remains connected to political objectives, but it now operates alongside a broader spectrum of non-military instruments of power.

2B

Keeping the national security in mind, examine the ethical dilemmas related to controversies over environmental clearance of development projects in ecologically sensitive border areas in the country. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION

India’s border areas, like the Himalayas and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, are both strategically vital and ecologically fragile. National security demands strong infrastructure like roads, tunnels, and airfields to protect the country. However, building these in sensitive zones often leads to deforestation, landslides, and loss of biodiversity. This creates a deep ethical dilemma: Should we prioritize the immediate safety of the nation (Security) or the long-term health of our planet (Environment)?

BODY

The Dilemma of "Urgency vs. Sustainability"

National security often requires fast action. When there is a threat at the border, the military needs wide roads and quick clearances to move troops and equipment. The ethical conflict arises when these projects skip detailed "Environmental Impact Assessments" (EIA) to save time. While this may secure the border today, it can lead to natural disasters like flash floods or massive landslides tomorrow, which eventually harm both the soldiers and the local citizens.

National Interest vs. Local Rights

Many border projects happen in areas home to indigenous tribes or unique wildlife. For example, the Great Nicobar project is essential for India’s presence in the Indian Ocean, but it threatens the homes of ancient tribes and rare species like the Leatherback turtle. The ethical question is: Is it right to sacrifice the rights of a few (the local tribes or nature) for the benefit of the many (national defense)?

The Responsibility to Future Generations

Ethics teaches us the principle of "Inter-generational Justice"—meaning we must leave a livable world for our children. If we destroy the Himalayan glaciers or the primary forests of the Northeast for military bases, we are protecting the borders of a land that might become uninhabitable due to climate change. An administrator must balance the duty of "Protecting the Territory" with the duty of "Protecting the Earth."

Transparency vs. Secrecy

In name of "National Security," many details of border projects are kept secret. This prevents scientists and the public from questioning the environmental cost. Ethically, this creates a "Transparency Deficit." In a democracy, the government has a duty to be honest with its people about the risks involved in any major project, even those related to defense.

The "False Choice" between Security and Nature

The biggest dilemma is the belief that we can only have one: either a strong army or a green environment. In reality, a degraded environment can itself become a security threat. For instance, if unscientific road-cutting causes a massive landslide, the same "strategic road" becomes blocked and useless during a war. Therefore, the ethical choice is to find "Eco-friendly Engineering"—like using more tunnels instead of cutting hills, even if it costs more money and time.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, national security and environmental protection are two sides of the same coin. A nation cannot be truly secure if its soil is sliding away and its water sources are drying up. For a public servant, the path forward is "Sustainable Security." This means using the best technology to minimize damage and ensuring that even the most urgent defense projects respect the laws of nature as much as the laws of the land.

3

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context?

3A

"Those who in trouble untroubled are, will trouble trouble itself." - Thiruvalluvar (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION This quotation by the great saint-poet Thiruvalluvar highlights the power of Resilience and Equanimity (staying calm). It suggests that trouble or suffering only has power over us if we let it disturb our mind. If a person remains steady and fearless during a crisis, the crisis itself loses its sting and eventually fades away. In modern administration, this is known as "grace under pressure."

BODY

The Power of a Calm Mind Thiruvalluvar explains that when we face a problem with a troubled mind, we make the problem bigger. But when we stay "untroubled," we can think clearly and find solutions. For a public servant, this means that during a riot, a natural disaster, or a political crisis, their first duty is to keep their own mind calm. A leader who does not panic can make rational decisions, which eventually "troubles the trouble"—meaning the problem is defeated by the leader's steady actions.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence In the present context, this verse is a lesson in Emotional Intelligence. It teaches us that "adversity" is often a mental state. If an officer remains optimistic and mentally strong, they can inspire their entire team. Problems like corruption, red tape, or public anger are like waves; they can only drown those who lose their balance. Those who stand firm like a rock will see the waves break and disappear.

Turning Challenges into Opportunities "Causing the adversity itself to suffer" means dominating the situation. Instead of being a victim of circumstances, a person with this mindset becomes the master of the situation. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, those administrators who did not lose hope were able to innovate, create new systems, and save lives. Their courage made the "trouble" look small and manageable.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, Thiruvalluvar’s wisdom is timeless for anyone in a position of responsibility. It teaches us that internal strength is the best weapon against external hardship. For a public servant, "Constitutional Morality" and "Professional Integrity" can only be maintained if one has the mental toughness to remain "untroubled" by the storms of life. Truly, a person who conquers their fear conquers every challenge.

Note: This question is a rough translation of Thirukural

இடுக்கண் இடுக்கண் படுப்பர் இடுக்கண்
இடுக்கண் படாஅ தவர்.   (623)

Meaning:
Those who do not suffer mentally from adversity cause the adversity itself to suffer.

3B

"The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes." - William James (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION:
The quotation by William James highlights the transformative power of human attitude. As one of the founders of modern psychology and a key thinker in Pragmatism, William James believed that human perception and mental orientation significantly shape outcomes in life. The statement suggests that individuals are not merely victims of circumstances; rather, they possess the agency to reshape their lives through a conscious change in attitude.

BODY:
In the present context, this quotation conveys that human beings have the psychological capacity to reinterpret challenges and convert them into opportunities. Attitude functions as a cognitive lens through which individuals perceive reality. A negative attitude may magnify obstacles and create a sense of helplessness, whereas a positive and resilient attitude can inspire perseverance and creative problem-solving. For example, in a rapidly changing world characterized by economic uncertainty, technological disruption, and social stress, individuals who adopt a growth mindset are better equipped to adapt and thrive.

The quotation is particularly relevant in areas such as mental health, leadership, and social change. In mental health discourse, altering one’s attitude toward failure or adversity is often the first step toward recovery and resilience. Similarly, effective leaders often demonstrate optimism and determination during crises, thereby influencing collective morale and direction. In democratic societies as well, citizens who cultivate constructive attitudes toward participation, responsibility, and public life contribute positively to social progress. Thus, attitude becomes a powerful internal resource that mediates the relationship between individuals and external circumstances.

CONCLUSION:
Therefore, William James’ insight underscores a profound truth: while humans may not always control external events, they retain the power to control their responses. By consciously reshaping attitudes—toward adversity, opportunity, and social responsibility—individuals can transform both their personal lives and the broader society in which they live.

3C

"The strength of a society is not in its laws, but in the morality of its people." - Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION

Swami Vivekananda believed that while laws can regulate human behavior from the outside, they cannot change a person from the inside. A society is truly "strong" only when its citizens are naturally honest, compassionate, and disciplined. If the people are immoral, they will always find "loopholes" to break the law. Therefore, the real strength of a nation lies in the Character and Ethical Values of its people.

BODY

The Limits of Laws and Regulations In the present context, we have many laws to prevent crimes like corruption, domestic violence, and environmental pollution. However, these problems still exist because laws only work when there is a fear of punishment. If a person lacks internal morality, they will try to commit a crime whenever they think no one is watching. For example, a "Clean India" (Swachh Bharat) cannot be achieved only by fining people; it happens when people feel a moral duty to keep their surroundings clean.

Morality as a Self-Regulating Force A moral person does not need a policeman to tell them what is right. In public administration, an officer with high morality will stay honest even if there is no CCTV or audit. Vivekananda’s quote teaches us that if we invest in "Value-based Education," we will need fewer laws and fewer courts. When morality is strong, society becomes self-governing, and people naturally respect the rights of others, especially the weak and the marginalized.

The Role of Public Servants as Role Models For a public servant, this means that their job is not just to "enforce laws" but also to "set an example." When an officer behaves with integrity, they inspire the public to do the same. This is called "Social Influence." By being moral leaders, administrators help build a culture of honesty. A society that follows rules because of "Inner Conscience" is much stronger and more stable than a society that follows rules only because of "Fear of the State."

Social Justice Beyond the Law Laws are often slow and cannot cover every human situation. However, a "Moral Society" acts with kindness even where the law is silent. For example, during a crisis or a pandemic, the law might not force a neighbor to help another, but morality does. This "Social Capital"—the trust and help between people—is what keeps a country together during tough times. No amount of legislation can replace the bond of human sympathy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Swami Vivekananda’s words are a reminder that a nation’s development is not just measured by its "Legal Codes" but by its "Moral Code." For a public servant, the goal should be to foster a society where people do the right thing because it is right, not because they are afraid. Laws are like the skeleton of a society, but morality is its life-blood. True progress is achieved when we improve the "Human Element" along with the "Legal System."

4A

"For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework." Justify this statement with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION Social re-engineering means changing society for the better—for example, removing poverty, ending caste discrimination, or improving women’s health. While the government makes many "Welfare Schemes," they often fail if they are implemented like a machine. A civil servant must use Reason (to find the best method), Critical Thinking (to understand local problems), and an Ethical Framework (to ensure fairness and compassion) to make these schemes successful.

BODY

The Role of Reason in Implementation Reason helps an officer understand the "Why" and "How" of a project. Instead of just spending the budget, a rational officer looks at the data. For example, if a village has high malnutrition, "Reason" tells the officer to check if the food is reaching the children or if the water is contaminated. Without reason, money is wasted on the wrong solutions. An ethical officer uses reason to ensure that every rupee of "Public Money" is used effectively.

Critical Thinking to Overcome Local Hurdles Critical thinking is the ability to look beyond the surface. For example, in the "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" scheme, a civil servant might find that parents are not sending girls to school not because they hate education, but because there are no toilets or safe transport. A "Critical Thinker" will solve these small, hidden problems first. By analyzing the "Root Cause," the officer re-engineers the social mindset more effectively than just by putting up posters.

The Ethical Framework: Justice and Empathy An ethical framework ensures that "No one is left behind." For instance, during the distribution of free rations (Public Distribution System), some elderly people might not be able to give their fingerprints on a digital scanner. A "Rule-following" clerk might deny them food. But an "Ethical Civil Servant" will use their heart and mind to find an alternative way to verify them. This is "Ethical Reasoning"—placing the human need for food above a technical rule.

Example: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Sanitation) In many areas, people had toilets but didn't use them because of old habits or superstitions. Successful officers used "Social Re-engineering" by involving local religious leaders and school children to change the "Attitude" of the village. They used Reason to explain the link between filth and disease, and Ethics to show that open defecation hurts the dignity of women. This combination made the scheme a mass movement rather than just a construction project.

Example: Ending Manual Scavenging To end this social evil, an officer cannot just use "Force." They must use Critical Thinking to provide alternative jobs (rehabilitation) to the workers. They must use an Ethical Framework to treat these marginalized citizens with the dignity they deserve. By using "Reason," the officer can bring in machines to clean sewers, thus solving a social problem with technology and empathy.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, a civil servant is not a postman who just delivers a letter; they are a "Social Doctor" who must diagnose and cure society’s problems. Laws and schemes are just tools. It is the Reason and Ethics of the officer that turn these tools into a "Revolution." For true social change, we need officers who think with their heads and feel with their hearts.

4B

What are the major teachings of Mahavir? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION Lord Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, lived over 2,500 years ago, but his message remains a guiding light for humanity. His philosophy is based on the idea that every living being has a soul and deserves respect. His teachings focus on purifying the inner self to achieve peace and liberation. For a modern citizen or a public servant, these principles offer a way to live with integrity and harmony.

BODY

The Principle of Ahimsa (Non-Violence) The most famous teaching of Mahavir is Ahimsa. It is not just about not killing; it is about not harming any living being through "Thought, Word, or Action."

• Relevance: In today’s world of wars, terrorism, and social media hate speech, Ahimsa teaches us the value of "Peaceful Co-existence." For an administrator, it means using dialogue instead of force and ensuring that policies do not cause "structural violence" to the poor or the environment.

Anekantavada (The Theory of Multiplicity of Viewpoints) Mahavir taught that truth is complex and has many sides. No single person can claim to know the "Absolute Truth." This is often explained through the story of the blind men and the elephant.

• Relevance: This is the foundation of Democracy and Tolerance. In a world divided by "Echo Chambers" and extreme ideologies, Anekantavada teaches us to respect the opinions of others. For a civil servant, it helps in "Critical Thinking" by considering all stakeholders' views before making a decision.

Aparigraha (Non-Attachment/Non-Possession) This teaching encourages people to limit their worldly possessions and not be greedy. It says we should only take what we truly need.

• Relevance: Today, the world faces "Climate Change" and "Resource Depletion" because of human greed. Aparigraha is the answer to Sustainable Development. It also acts as a shield against Corruption in public life. If an officer practices "limit on desires," they are less likely to fall into the trap of bribes and illegal wealth.

Satya (Truthfulness) and Asteya (Non-Stealing) Mahavir emphasized honesty in all dealings. Satya means being true to oneself and others, while Asteya means not taking what is not given.

• Relevance: These are the "Foundational Values" of Probity in Governance. When a public servant is truthful (Satya), they build "Public Trust." When they refuse to steal public funds (Asteya), they ensure that welfare reaches the intended beneficiaries.

Universal Compassion and Equality Mahavir rejected the caste system and taught that all souls are equal, whether they belong to a king or a commoner, a human or an insect.

• Relevance: This aligns with the Constitutional Morality of Equality and Justice. In modern administration, it inspires "Inclusive Growth," where the officer works with special compassion for the "Weaker Sections" of society.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, the teachings of Mahavir are not just "religious rules" but "scientific ethics" for a better world. By practicing Ahimsa, Anekantavada, and Aparigraha, we can solve modern problems like global warming, social intolerance, and corruption. For a civil servant, these values provide the "Moral Strength" to serve society with a pure heart and a steady mind.

5A

"One who is devoted to one's duty attains highest perfection in life." Analyse this statement with reference to sense of responsibility and personal fulfilment as civil servant. (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION The statement implies that "Perfection" is not an external goal like a high rank or a big salary. Instead, it is an internal state of mind achieved when a person performs their assigned tasks with total honesty and dedication. In the context of civil services, "Duty" is not just a job; it is a moral commitment to the welfare of society. When an officer is devoted to this duty, they find a deep sense of purpose that transcends worldly rewards.

BODY

Duty as a Sense of Responsibility A civil servant is a "Trustee" of public power. A strong sense of responsibility means performing one’s duty even when no one is watching. This "Devotion" prevents an officer from being lazy or corrupt. For example, a District Collector who works late into the night to ensure flood relief reaches a remote village is practicing "Devotion to Duty." They are not doing it for a promotion, but because they feel a deep responsibility toward the suffering citizens. This makes the administration reliable and efficient.

Personal Fulfilment through Service Most people seek happiness in material things, but a civil servant finds "Personal Fulfilment" in the impact they create. When an officer helps a poor girl get an education or shuts down an illegal mining operation, they feel a unique sense of "Joy" and "Satisfaction." This internal happiness is far greater than any external praise. It protects the officer from "Burnout" and "Stress" because they see their work as a calling, not a burden.

Overcoming the "Focus on Results" (Nishkama Karma) Often, civil servants get frustrated when their hard work does not lead to immediate results due to political interference or lack of funds. The statement "Devoted to duty" teaches them to focus on the Process, not just the Result. If an officer does their best with integrity, they have achieved "Perfection" in their character, regardless of whether the project succeeded or failed. This mindset gives them the "Moral Courage" to keep working in difficult situations.

Integrity and Ethical Consistency Devotion to duty leads to Integrity—which means there is no gap between what an officer thinks, says, and does. When a civil servant is devoted to the "Constitutional Duty," they become immune to bribes and threats. This consistency builds a "Strong Character." As the officer grows in character, they reach "Highest Perfection," becoming a role model for their subordinates and a hero for the public.

The Balance between Professional and Personal Life Many believe that hard work ruins personal life. However, when a person is truly devoted to their duty and performs it ethically, they go home with a "Clear Conscience." A mind free of guilt and full of the satisfaction of having helped someone leads to a peaceful personal life. Thus, perfection in duty leads to perfection in the quality of life itself.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, for a civil servant, "Duty is Worship." Highest perfection is achieved when the "Public Interest" becomes the "Personal Interest" of the officer. By focusing on selfless service, an administrator not only transforms society but also transforms themselves into a person of high moral standing. True greatness lies not in "What we have," but in "What we do" for others.

5B

To achieve holistic development goal, a civil servant acts as an enabler and active facilitator of growth rather than a regulator. What specific measures will you suggest to achieve this goal? (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION In the past, a civil servant was seen mainly as a "Regulator" whose job was to enforce rules, give permits, and punish those who broke the law. However, to achieve "Holistic Development"—which includes economic growth, social justice, and environmental safety—this old approach is not enough. Today, a civil servant must act as an Enabler and Facilitator. This means instead of just saying "No" to a project, the officer should help people find a way to do it "Right."

BODY

Shifting from "Control" to "Collaboration" A regulator controls people, but a facilitator works with them. To achieve growth, a civil servant must build partnerships between the government, private companies, and NGOs. For example, in a rural area, instead of just giving a "Notice" to a small business for a minor error, the officer should guide them on how to meet the standards. This creates a "Pro-Business" and "Pro-People" environment where growth is encouraged rather than blocked by red tape.

Measures to Achieve this Goal:

1. Implementing "Single Window Clearances" To be an enabler, a civil servant should simplify the process for citizens and entrepreneurs. By creating a single point where all permissions are given quickly, the officer reduces "Corruption" and "Delay." This shows that the administration is there to support the honest citizen's hard work, which is the engine of economic growth.

2. Adopting a "Service-Oriented" Attitude An enabler sees the citizen as a "Customer" or a "Stakeholder." Specific measures include setting up "Citizen Charters" that promise services within a fixed time. If a service is delayed, the officer should be held accountable. This shifts the focus from "Power" to "Service," making the government more approachable and helpful.

3. Use of Technology (e-Governance) A facilitator uses technology to remove human hurdles. By moving services like land records, certificates, and licenses online, the civil servant makes the system transparent. This "Digital Transformation" enables even a poor farmer in a remote village to get government benefits without visiting an office ten times.

4. Bottom-up Planning and Empowerment Instead of making all decisions in a big office, an enabler goes to the field and listens to the people. By strengthening Gram Sabhas and local self-governments, the officer "Facilitates" the people to solve their own problems. This ensures that development is "Holistic" because it is based on what the people actually need, not just what the "Plan" says.

5. Promoting "Ease of Living" Beyond just economic growth, a facilitator works on the "Quality of Life." This involves ensuring clean water, better schools, and safe parks. By coordinating between different departments (like Electricity, Water, and Roads), the civil servant acts as a "Bridge" to ensure that infrastructure is built without causing unnecessary trouble to the public.

6. Ethical Mentorship and Hand-holding Many citizens, especially the marginalized, do not know their rights or how to fill out a form. An enabling officer sets up "Help Desks" and "Awareness Camps." Instead of rejecting an incomplete application, the officer helps the person complete it. This "Compassionate Facilitation" ensures that welfare reaches the last person in the line (Antyodaya).

CONCLUSION In conclusion, the role of a civil servant is no longer to be a "Master" but to be a "Service Provider." By acting as a facilitator, an officer can turn the "Bureaucratic Hurdle" into a "Development Ladder." True growth happens when the government stops being a "Barrier" and starts being a "Battery" that provides power to the dreams and efforts of its citizens.

6A

It is said that for an ethical work culture, there must be code of ethics in place in every organisation. To ensure value-based and compliance-based work culture, what suitable measures would you adopt in your work place? (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION An ethical work culture is one where employees do the right thing not because they are afraid of punishment, but because they believe it is the right way to behave. While a "Code of Conduct" tells us what we must do (compliance), a "Code of Ethics" tells us what we should be (values). To build such a culture, a leader must create an environment where honesty, transparency, and respect are part of the daily routine.

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The Need for Both Value and Compliance A "Compliance-based" culture uses laws and penalties to stop wrong behavior. A "Value-based" culture uses internal conscience and pride to encourage good behavior. If we only have rules, people will look for loopholes. If we only have values, a few dishonest people might take advantage of the system. Therefore, a successful workplace needs a balance of both.

Measures to Adopt in the Workplace:

1. Leading by Personal Example (The "Walk the Talk" Principle) The most important measure is for the leader to be a role model. If a senior officer is punctual, honest, and treats everyone with respect, the staff will naturally follow. "Ethical Leadership" is the foundation of any organization. If the boss takes a bribe or breaks a rule, no amount of "Code of Ethics" on the wall will matter.

2. Regular Ethics Training and Workshops Ethics is not a one-time lesson; it is a continuous process. I would organize monthly "Ethical Dilemma" sessions where staff can discuss real-life problems they face. This helps them understand how to apply "Reason" and "Integrity" in difficult situations, moving beyond just memorizing rules.

3. Establishing a "Whistleblower Protection" Mechanism To ensure compliance, there must be a safe way for employees to report wrongdoing without fear of being bullied or fired. I would set up a "Confidential Reporting System." When people know that "Wrongdoing" will be caught and "Honesty" is protected, the work culture automatically becomes cleaner.

4. Participatory Decision Making When employees are involved in the decision-making process, they feel a sense of "Ownership." This reduces the "Master-Slave" feeling and creates a culture of "Mutual Respect." When people feel valued, they are less likely to act unethically against the organization.

5. Reward and Recognition for Integrity Usually, organizations only punish the "Bad Apple." To build a value-based culture, we must also reward the "Good Apple." I would introduce an "Employee of the Month" award not just for "Target Achievement," but for "Exceptional Integrity" or "Helpfulness." This sends a message that "Character" is as important as "Competence."

6. Transparency through Open Communication Secrecy is the mother of corruption. I would ensure that all major decisions, budgets, and promotion criteria are shared openly with the staff. Using "Digital Dashboards" to track files can prevent "Red-tapism" and "Bribes." When the process is transparent, there is no room for unethical shortcuts.

7. Promoting Work-Life Balance and Empathy An ethical workplace also cares for the "Mental Well-being" of its staff. Overworked and stressed employees are more likely to make ethical errors or become frustrated. By being a "Compassionate Facilitator" and respecting the personal time of subordinates, a leader builds a loyal and ethical team.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, a "Code of Ethics" should not be a dead document in a file; it should be the "Living Spirit" of the office. By combining strict "Compliance" with deep-rooted "Values," a civil servant can transform a cold government office into a "Temple of Service." A strong work culture is the best defense against corruption and the greatest driver of public welfare.

6B

India is an emerging economic power of the world as it has recently secured the status of fourth largest economy of the world as per IMF projection. However, it has been observed that in some sectors, allocated funds remain either under-utilised or mis utilised. What specific measures would you recommend for ensuring accountability in this regard to stop leakages and gaining the status of third largest economy of the world in near future ? (Answer in 150 words) (10M)

INTRODUCTION India’s emergence as the world’s fourth-largest economy highlights its immense growth potential. However, the persistent challenges of under-utilization and misutilization of allocated funds act as significant barriers to reaching the goal of becoming the third-largest economy. Ensuring that public money translates into actual social and economic development requires a robust framework of accountability, transparency, and integrity in the administrative machinery.

BODY

Addressing Under-utilization and Misutilization Under-utilization often stems from "Red-tapism," complex bureaucratic procedures, and a lack of timely decision-making, leading to funds lapsing at the end of the financial year. Misutilization, on the other hand, involves "leakages" and corruption where resources do not reach the intended beneficiaries. To overcome these, the administration must shift from a "process-oriented" approach to a "result-oriented" one.

Specific Measures to Ensure Accountability:

• Strengthening Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): To eliminate "middlemen" and leakages, all welfare schemes must be integrated with the JAM (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) trinity. This ensures that the "last-mile delivery" of funds is direct, digital, and verifiable, leaving no room for human interference or ghost beneficiaries.
• Adopting Outcome-Based Budgeting: Instead of merely measuring the "amount spent," the government should evaluate departments based on the actual impact created. This "Outcome Budget" tracks whether a road was built to standard or if a school actually improved literacy, ensuring that "Public Money" produces "Public Value."
• Institutionalizing Social Audits: Accountability must be decentralized by involving the local community in the monitoring process. Social Audits, where records are publicly verified by the villagers or residents, create a "Social Watchdog" effect. This transparency makes it difficult for local officials or contractors to misappropriate funds.
• Real-time Monitoring and Geo-tagging: The use of technology, such as Geo-tagging of infrastructure projects, allows for real-time tracking of progress. A centralized "Digital Dashboard" can identify projects that are lagging, allowing for early intervention before funds are wasted or under-utilized.
• Transparent Procurement through GeM: Strictly enforcing the use of the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) for all departmental purchases ensures a competitive and transparent tendering process. This reduces the scope for "bribes" and "favoritism," ensuring the state gets the best quality at the lowest price.
• Strict Audit and Impact Assessment: Beyond the annual CAG audits, periodic Third-Party Impact Assessments should be conducted. This identifies if a scheme is failing to meet its "Social Re-engineering" goals, allowing for the timely re-allocation of funds to more productive sectors.
• Whistleblower Protection and Integrity Pacts: Establishing a secure, anonymous channel for employees to report financial irregularities protects the organization from within. Implementing "Integrity Pacts" with contractors further ensures that large-scale projects are free from unethical influence.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, for India to secure the status of the third-largest economy, every rupee of public expenditure must be treated as a "Sacred Trust." Accountability is not just a legal requirement but an ethical duty to the citizens. By combining Digital Governance with Social Participation, the administration can plug leakages and ensure that economic growth is both rapid and inclusive.

7

Vijay was Deputy Commissioner of remote district of Hilly Northern State of the country for the last two years. In the month of August heavy rains lashed the complete state followed by cloud burst in the upper reaches of the said district. The damage was very heavy in the complete state especially in the affected district. The complete road network and telecommunication were disrupted and the buildings were damaged extensively. People's houses have been destroyed and they were forced to stay in open. More than 200 people have been killed and about 5000 were badly injured. The Civil Administration under Vijay got activated and started conducting rescue and relief operations. Temporary shelter camps and hospitals were established to provide shelter and medical facilities to the homeless and injured people. Helicopter services were pressed in, for evacuating sick and old people from remote areas. Vijay got a message from his hometown in Kerala that his mother was seriously sick. After two days Vijay received the unfortunate message that his mother has expired. Vijay has no close relative except one elder sister who was US citizen and staying there for last several years. In the meantime, the situation in the affected district deteriorated further due to resumption of heavy rains after a gap of five days. At the same time, continuous messages were coming on his mobile from his hometown to reach at the earliest for performing last rites of his mother.
(a) What are the options available with Vijay?
(b) What are the ethical dilemma being faced by Vijay?
(c) Critically evaluate and examine each of these options identified by Vijay.
(d) Which of the options, do you think, would be most appropriate for Vijay adopt and why? (ANSWER IN 250 WORDS) (20M)

(a) Options available to Vijay:

1. Stay in the district and continue leading rescue/relief operations, ignoring personal loss.
2. Leave immediately for Kerala to perform mother's last rites, delegating duties to subordinates.
3. Delegate key responsibilities temporarily, travel to Kerala for rites, and return quickly.
4. Stay at the disaster site and perform the last rites symbolically or via a digital medium (Video Call), as permitted by modern circumstances.

(b) Ethical dilemmas faced by Vijay:

• Public duty vs. personal/family obligations: As a public servant, Vijay must prioritize disaster victims' welfare (saving lives, providing aid) over personal grief and cultural/religious duties like last rites.
• Leadership accountability vs. emotional well-being: Abandoning post during worsening crisis could lead to more deaths/injuries, but staying might cause personal regret, guilt, or cultural stigma for not honoring mother.
• Short-term crisis management vs. long-term consequences: Immediate presence is crucial in remote, disrupted area, but neglecting family could affect his mental health and future performance.

(c) Critical evaluation of options:

1. Stay and continue duties: Pros: Ensures effective leadership in crisis, prevents further loss of life, upholds public service ethics. Cons: Personal emotional trauma, potential family resentment, cultural violation (missing rites). Feasible in short-term but risks burnout.
2. Leave immediately and delegate: Pros: Fulfills family/cultural duties, provides personal closure. Cons: Risks operational failures in remote area with disrupted communication, could lead to more casualties, breaches professional ethics of non-abandonment during emergency.
3. Delegate temporarily and return quickly: Pros: Balances duties—handles rites briefly while ensuring continuity via trusted deputies/helicopters for travel. Cons: Travel delays in rainy conditions, partial absence might weaken response; assumes competent delegation.
4. Remote coordination: Pros: Attempts to balance both worlds.

Cons: Practically difficult. Telecommunications are disrupted; remote coordination may not work.

(d) Most appropriate option:

Delegate temporarily and return quickly (Option 3).

This option best resolves the core ethical conflict — duty to the public (saving lives in a worsening disaster) versus personal/family/moral duty (honoring his mother's last rites, especially with no other close relatives present) — in a balanced, proportionate, and sustainable way. Here's the step-by-step reasoning:

1. Upholds the primacy of public service in a life-threatening crisis
• The district is remote, hilly, with disrupted roads/telecom, heavy ongoing rains, 200+ deaths, 5000 injured, homeless people in open camps, and operations relying on helicopters.
• Vijay, as Deputy Commissioner (equivalent to District Magistrate/Collector), is the apex authority coordinating rescue, relief, medical camps, and evacuations.
• Complete absence (Option 2) risks coordination breakdown, delayed decisions, or loss of public confidence → potentially more lives lost.
• Full stay without attending rites (Option 1) is ideal in theory but ignores human emotional limits and cultural importance of last rites in India (especially for a sole son with no other family nearby).
2. Minimizes absence while addressing personal closure
• Travel is feasible via helicopter (already in use for evacuations) → quickest possible return (likely 2–4 days max, including travel + rites).
• Delegation to trusted subordinates (e.g., Additional DC, SDMs, or senior officers already activated) is realistic — the administration is already functioning with temporary camps/hospitals/helicopter ops in place.
• This ensures continuity: someone is always "in charge" on ground, decisions keep flowing, and escalation paths exist.
3. Aligns with key ethical principles in public administration (relevant for GS-4/UPSC)
• Impartiality & dedication to duty (not abandoning post permanently).
• Compassion & empathy (for self and victims — Vijay can't lead effectively if emotionally broken).
• Proportionality — absence is brief and justified, not indefinite.
• Integrity & accountability — he informs superiors, delegates formally, and returns promptly (avoids perception of dereliction).
• Human values — Indian culture/Constitution implicitly values family duties; extreme neglect could lead to long-term guilt affecting future performance.
4. Avoids extremes of the other options
• Option 1 (full stay): Noble but risks personal breakdown/guilt; many real IAS officers in floods/landslides attend rites briefly then return (examples exist of officers doing last rites and resuming duty same/next day).
• Option 2 (immediate full leave): Selfish in crisis context — breaches "non-abandonment" ethic in emergencies.
• Option 4 (formal short leave): Good in normal times, but bureaucratic delay (approval chain) + worsening weather could trap him in Kerala → worse than quick self-managed delegation + return.
5. Promotes sustainable leadership
• Leaders who balance duty and personal life perform better long-term.
• Shows maturity: "I care about people (both victims and my family)" — builds public trust rather than resentment.
• In disaster management ethics, "humanitarian leadership" includes self-care to avoid burnout.

8

In line with the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Indian Constitution, the government has a constitutional obligation to ensure basic needs - "Roti, Kapda aur Makan (Food, Clothes and Shelter)" - for the under-privileged. Pursuing this mandate, the district administration proposed clearing a portion of forest land to develop housing for the homeless and economically weaker sections of the society.

The proposed land, however, is an ecologically sensitive zone densely populated with age-old trees, medicinal plants and vital biodiversity. Besides, these forests help to regulate micro-climate and rainfalls; provide habitat for wildlife, support soil fertility and prevent land/soil erosion and sustain livelihoods of tribal and nomadic communities.

In spite of the ecological and social costs, the administration argues in favour of the said proposal by highlighting that this very initiative addresses fundamental human rights as a critical welfare priority. Besides, it fulfils the government's duty to uplift and empower the poor through inclusive housing development. Further, these forest areas have become unsafe due to wild-animal threats and recurring human-wild life conflicts. Lastly, clearing forest-zones may help to curb anti-social elements allegedly using these areas as hideouts, thereby enhancing law and order.

(a) Can deforestation be ethically justified in the pursuit of social welfare objectives like, housing for the homeless?

(b) What are the socio-economic, administrative and ethical challenges in balancing environmental conservation with human development? 

(c) What substantial alternatives or policy interventions can be proposed to ensure that both environmental integrity and human dignity are protected ?

(Answer in 250 words) (20M)

(a) The proposal to clear ecologically sensitive forest land for housing presents a conflict between the Right to Shelter (Article 21) and the Duty to Protect the Environment (Article 48A). While providing for the underprivileged is a constitutional mandate, doing so by destroying "Natural Capital" and displacing indigenous interests creates a "Double Injustice." A rational administration must prioritize sustainable urban planning over the permanent destruction of a vital ecosystem.

Ethical Justification of Deforestation Deforestation in this context is ethically unjustifiable.

• Violation of Inter-generational Equity: Destroying age-old trees and medicinal plants for a horizontal housing project robs future generations of climate stability and biodiversity.
• Instrumental vs. Intrinsic Value: The administration views the forest merely as "vacant land" (Instrumental Value), ignoring its "Intrinsic Value" as a life-support system for the planet.
• Distributive Injustice: Solving the problem of one vulnerable group (the homeless) by encroaching upon the ancestral lands and livelihoods of another (tribal/nomadic communities) is morally flawed.

(b) Socio-Economic, Administrative, and Ethical Challenges

• Legal and Tribal Sovereignty: Under the Forest Rights Act (2006) and PESA, the "Gram Sabha" has the primary right to protect their habitats. Settling non-tribal populations in these zones is not only ethically wrong but legally unsustainable, likely leading to long-term social unrest.
• Ecosystem Services Loss: Beyond timber, the forest regulates rain and prevents soil erosion. Its loss would lead to an economic "Negative Externality"—where the cost of future natural disasters (landslides/floods) will far exceed the value of the houses built.
• The "Safety" Paradox: Using deforestation as a tool to curb "anti-social elements" is an administrative shortcut. It ignores the root cause of crime and treats a security issue as a landscaping problem.

(c) Proposed Alternatives and Policy Interventions

To protect both human dignity and environmental integrity, the following measures are recommended:

1. Utilization of Municipal Brownfields: No district is so dense that it lacks underutilized government land. The administration should identify abandoned industrial zones or "wastelands" within municipal limits. This keeps the homeless closer to job markets, hospitals, and schools, ensuring better "Social Re-engineering."
2. Vertical Housing Models: Instead of horizontal sprawl into forests, the government should adopt Vertical Social Housing. This optimizes land use, providing high-density housing on a minimal geographical footprint while preserving the "Green Lungs" of the district.
3. Scientific Human-Wildlife Mitigation: To address animal threats, the administration should invest in Elephant Proof Trenches (EPTs), solar fencing, and "Early Warning Systems" rather than destroying the animals' habitat, which would only drive them closer to human settlements.
4. Community-Led Security: Instead of clearing hideouts, the administration should empower the forest-dwelling tribes as "Van Mitras" (Forest Friends). A well-patrolled forest with a trained, modern police force and CCTV surveillance is a more effective deterrent against anti-social elements than a cleared wasteland.
5. In-situ Slum Redevelopment: Transforming existing urban slums into organized housing units fulfills the "Makan" (Shelter) requirement without the need for new land acquisition in sensitive zones.

9

Subash is Secretary, PWD in the State Government. He is a senior officer, known for his competence, integrity and dedication to work. He enjoys the trust and confidence of Minister Incharge of PWD and Programme Implementation. As a part of his job profile, he is responsible for policy formulation, execution of projects relating to infrastructure initiatives in the State. Besides, he oversees the technical and administrative aspects relating to planning, designing and construction etc. Subash's Minister is an important Minister in the state and significant growth in urban infrastructure development and road network has been registered during his tenure. He is very keen for launching of ambitious road construction project in the near future. Subash is in regular touch with the Minister and is working various modalities of road construction project. Regular meetings, interactions and presentations are made by him to the Minister before a formal public announcement of the project is made by the Minister. Subash's only son Vikas is in real estate business. His son from his own sources is aware that a mega road project is on the anvil and announcement in this regard is expected anytime. He is very keen to know from his father the exact location of the upcoming project. He knows that there would be quantum jump in the prices of land in the vicinity. Buying land at this stage at cheaper prices would pay him rich dividends. He is pleading with him (his father) day in and day out to share him location of the proposed project. He assured him that he would handle the matter discretely as it would not attract any adverse notice as he in the normal course, keeps on buying land as a part of his business. He feels pressurised because of constant pleadings by his son. Another significant aspect of the matter pertained to the extra/undue interest in the above project by the Minister PWD. His nephew was also having big infrastructure project company. In fact, the Minister has also introduced his nephew to him and indicated to him to take care of his nephew's business interest in the forthcoming project. The Minister encouraged him to act fast in the matter as early announcement and execution of mega road project would enhance his status in the party and public life.

In the above backdrop, Subash is in a fix as to the future course of action.

(a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.

(b) Critically examine the options available to Subash in the above situation.

(c) Which of the above would be most appropriate and why? (Answer in 250 words) (20M)

(a) Ethical Issues Involved

1. Conflict of Interest: Subash’s public duty to maintain the confidentiality of a state project is in direct conflict with his son’s private business interests.
2. Abuse of Authority & Nepotism: The Minister’s directive to favor his nephew’s company is a clear violation of meritocracy and a breach of the "Sacred Trust" of public office.
3. Insider Trading/Information Leakage: Sharing project locations before a formal announcement constitutes "Insider Trading" in real estate, providing an unfair advantage and distorting market prices.
4. Professional Integrity vs. Filial Piety: Subash is torn between his "Sense of Responsibility" as a father (to help his son) and his "Administrative Integrity" as a Secretary.
5. Political Neutrality: Subash must resist being used as a tool for the Minister’s personal and political gains.

(b) Critical Examination of Options

• Option 1: Help both the son and the Minister’s nephew.
• Pros: Personal peace at home and political favor from the Minister.
• Cons: Highly unethical and illegal. It amounts to corruption and "Malfeasance." If discovered, it would destroy Subash’s reputation and lead to criminal prosecution.
• Option 2: Refuse his son but help the Minister's nephew.
• Pros: Maintains his career stability and avoids a clash with his boss.
• Cons: Selective integrity is no integrity. It compromises the fair tendering process and sets a precedent for administrative weakness.
• Option 3: Refuse Minister's nephew. but help his son
• Pros: publicly he has maintained probity, but personal corruption could be concealed to maintain public image
• Cons: Selective integrity is no integrity. It compromises the fair tendering process and sets a precedent for administrative weakness and professional hostility or a transfer from the Minister.
• Option 4: Strict Professionalism—Refuse both and follow the Rule of Law.
• Pros: Upholds the highest standards of Probity and Public Trust. Protects the state's interests and ensures a fair competitive environment.
• Cons: Likely to face domestic tension with his son and professional hostility or a transfer from the Minister.

(c) Most Appropriate Course of Action

Subash must adopt Option 3: Absolute Professionalism and Confidentiality.

Why?

1. Constitutional Morality: As a Secretary, his primary loyalty is to the State and the Constitution, not to his family or a Minister’s relative.
2. Code of Conduct: Civil Service Rules strictly prohibit the use of "Inside Information" for personal or family gain.
3. Handling the Son: Subash must counsel Vikas, explaining that a business built on "Unfair Advantage" is unsustainable and ethically bankrupt. He must emphasize that his reputation for integrity is the family’s greatest asset.
4. Handling the Minister: Subash should politely but firmly maintain that the project will follow a Transparent Tendering Process (e-tendering/GeM). He should document all stages of the project to ensure there is no "Technical Favoritism."

10

Rajesh is a Group A officer with nine years of service. He is posted as Administrative Officer in an Oil Public Sector undertaking. As an Administrative Officer he is responsible for managing and coordinating various administrative tasks to ensure smooth functioning of office. He also manages office supplies, equipment etc. Rajesh is now sufficient senior and is expecting his next promotion in JAG (Junior Administrative Grade) in the next one or two years. He knows that promotion is based on examination of ACRs/Performance Appraisal of last few years (5 years or so) of an officer by a DPC (Departmental Promotion Committee) and an officer lacking requisite grading of ACRs may not be found fit for promotion. Consequences of losing promotion may entail financial and reputational loss and set-back for career progression. Though he also puts his best efforts in official discharge of his duties, yet he is unsure of assessment by his superior officer. He is now putting extra efforts so that he gets thumping report at the end of financial year. As Administrative Officer, Rajesh is regularly interacting with his immediate boss, who is his reporting officer for writing his ACR. One day he calls Rajesh and wants him to buy computer-related stationery on priority from a particular vendor. Rajesh instructs his office to initiate action for procuring these items. During the day, the dealing Assistant brings an estimate of Rupees Thirty Five Lakhs covering all stationery items from the same vendor. It is noticed that as per delegated financial powers, as provided in the GFR (General Financial Rules) as applicable in that Organisation, expenditure for office items exceeding Rupees Thirty Lakhs requires sanction of the next higher authority (boss in the present case). Rajesh knows that immediate superior would expect all these purchases should be done at his level and may not appreciate such lack of initiative on his part. During discussions with office, he learns that common practice of splitting of expenditure (where large order is divided into a series of smaller ones) is followed to avoid obtaining sanction from higher authority. This practice is against the rules and may come to the adverse notice of Audit. Rajesh is perturbed. He is unsure of taking decision in the matter.

(a) What are the options available with Rajesh in the above situation?

(b) What are the ethical issues involved in this case ?

(c) Which would be the most appropriate option for Rajesh and why?

(Answer in 250 words) (20M)

(a) Options available to Rajesh:

1. Proceed with splitting the order into smaller amounts to stay within his financial powers, avoiding escalation to the boss, and complete the purchase from the specified vendor.
2. Inform the boss about the total estimate exceeding his delegated powers, seek formal sanction from the boss (as required by GFR), and proceed only after approval.
3. Discuss the issue informally with the boss, explain the rules and risks of splitting, and suggest alternatives like partial procurement or vendor negotiation, while aiming to maintain good relations.
4. Escalate the matter to higher authorities (e.g., vigilance or audit department) if he suspects foul play, or seek anonymous advice, while documenting everything.

(b) Ethical issues involved:

• Integrity vs. career interests: Adhering to rules (GFR) versus compromising for a favorable ACR to secure promotion, leading to potential financial/reputational loss if overlooked.
• Rule compliance vs. organizational malpractices: Following established financial norms versus adopting common but illegal practices like order splitting, which could invite audit scrutiny and penalties.
• Transparency and accountability: Selecting a specific vendor without tendering (potential favoritism/corruption) and bypassing sanctions, undermining public trust in PSU operations.
• Conflict of interest: Pressure from reporting officer (boss) influencing decisions, blurring professional duties with personal gains (promotion).
• Long-term vs. short-term consequences: Immediate compliance might please the boss but risk legal/ethical fallout; non-compliance upholds ethics but could harm career.

(c) Most appropriate option: Option 2 (Inform the boss, seek formal sanction, and proceed after approval). Why: This upholds ethical principles of integrity, transparency, and rule of law (GFR compliance) without directly confronting the boss or risking audit violations. It demonstrates initiative and professionalism, potentially earning respect for diligence rather than blind obedience. While it addresses career concerns by maintaining relations through formal channels, it avoids complicity in malpractices like splitting, preventing long-term harm to the organization and Rajesh's reputation. In public service ethics, prioritizing procedural correctness over expediency aligns with constitutional values (Article 51A) and promotes accountability, making it sustainable for career progression.

11

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program, MGNREGA was earlier known as National Rural Employment Scheme, NREGA. It is an Indian Social Welfare Program that aimed at fulfilling the 'Right to Work' provisions made in the Constitution. MGNREGA was launched in 2006 under Rural Employment Sector by the Ministry of Rural Development. Main objective of the program is to give legal guarantee of wage employment to the adult members of rural households who are willing to do unskilled manual labour work subject to a maximum of 100 days per year for every household. Every rural household has the right to register under the scheme, job card is issued to the registered, Job Card holder can seek employment; State Government shall pay 25% of minimum wage for the first 30 days as compensatory daily unemployment allowance to the families and of wage for remaining period of the year. MGNREGA work was undertaken by various Gram Panchayats. You have been appointed as an Administrator Incharge of the District. You have been given the responsibility of monitoring MGNREGA work undertaken by various Gram Panchayats. You are also given the authority to give technical sanctions to all MGNREGA works. In one of the Panchayats in your jurisdiction, you notice that your predecessor has mismanaged the Program in terms of :

(i)               Money not disbursed to actual job-seekers.

(ii)             Muster Rolls of the Labourers not properly maintained.

(iii)            Mismatch between the work done and payments made.

(iv)            Payments made to fictitious persons.

(v)              Job Cards were given without looking into the need of person.

(vi)            Mismanagement of funds and to the extent of siphoning of funds.

(vii)           Approved works that never existed.

(a) What is your reaction to the above situation and how do you restore the proper functioning of MGNREGA Program in this regard ?

(b) What actions would you initiate to solve the various issues listed above?

(c) How would you deal with the above situation? (Answer in 250 words) (20M)

(a) My Reaction and Plan

My reaction is that this is a serious crime against the poor. Money meant for hungry families has been stolen. My goal is to stop the theft immediately and make sure the "Right to Work" becomes real again. I will act as a Guardian of Public Money to restore people's trust in the government.

(b) Actions for the 7 Specific Issues

1. Money not given to real workers: I will start Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). This means money will go straight from the government to the worker's bank account, so no one can steal it in the middle.
2. Muster Rolls (Attendance) not maintained: I will move to Electronic Muster Rolls (e-MR). Every worker's attendance will be taken on a mobile app with their photo and location (GPS) to prove they were actually at work.
3. Work done and Payment not matching: I will order a Technical Audit. Engineers will measure the work on the ground. If the work is less than the money paid, the responsible officers will have to pay the money back.
4. Payment to fake (fictitious) persons: I will link every Job Card with Aadhaar. This will automatically catch and delete "Ghost" or fake names from the list.
5. Job Cards given without need: I will conduct a Fresh Survey. We will check who truly needs work based on their income and poverty level. Cards given to rich or undeserving people will be cancelled.
6. Siphoning/Stealing of funds: I will file a Police Complaint (FIR) against the corrupt officials and contractors. Stealing public money must lead to strict punishment to set an example.
7. Approved works that never existed: I will use Satellite Mapping and Geo-tagging. Every project must have a "Before" and "After" photo with GPS coordinates. If there is no photo, there will be no payment.

(c) How I will handle the situation

1. Social Audit: I will call a meeting of the whole village (Gram Sabha). We will read out the names of people who got money. The villagers will easily point out who is fake and who is real.
2. Report the Predecessor: I will send a detailed report to the State Government about the previous officer’s mistakes. Integrity means not hiding the truth, even if it involves a senior.
3. Identify and Punish the Collaborators:

·        I will look at who signed the fake Muster Rolls and who verified the "non-existent" works.

·        These subordinates are the "Engine" of corruption. I will initiate Departmental Inquiries and suspend those who intentionally helped in siphoning funds. This sends a clear message: "The old ways are over."

4. Identify and Reward the Honest Staff:

·        I will find out who was sidelined, transferred, or ignored by the previous administrator because they refused to sign fake bills.

·        I will bring these honest officers back into Key Positions.

·        By giving them "Appreciation Letters" or recommending them for awards, I create a new "Moral Culture" in the office.

5. Protecting the Truth-Tellers:

·        I will encourage subordinates to come forward and tell me how the "siphoning" was done.

·        I will protect them from any bullying. When the staff knows the new Boss stands by the truth, they will stop helping the corrupt contractors.

6. Strict Monitoring: As the person who gives "Technical Sanctions," I will not approve any new work until I personally verify that the old works were finished properly.
7. Open Door Policy: I will set up a Helpline Number. If a worker does not get their wage, they can call me directly. This makes the administration friendly and reachable.

12

Ashok is Divisional Commissioner of one of the border districts of the North East State. A few years back, Military has taken over the neighbouring country after overthrowing the elected civil government. Civil war situation is prevailing in the country especially in last two years. However, internal situation further deteriorated due to rebel groups taking over control of certain populated areas near own border. Due to intense fight between military and rebel groups, civilian casualties has increased manifold in recent past. In the meantime, in one night Ashok got information from the local police guarding the border check post that there are about 200-250 people mainly women and children trying to cross over to our side of the border. There are also about 10 soldiers with their weapons in military uniform part of this group who wants to cross over. Women and Children are also crying and begging for help. A few of them are injured and bleeding profusely need immediate medical care. Ashok tried to contact Home Secretary of the State but failed to do so due to poor connectivity mainly due to inclement weather.

(a) What are the options available with Ashok to cope with the situation?

(b) What are the ethical and legal dilemmas being faced by Ashok?

(c) Which of the options, do you think would be more appropriate for Ashok to adopt and why?

(d) In the present situation, what are the extra precautionary measures to be taken by the Border Guarding Police in dealing with soldiers in uniform? (Answer in 250 words) (20M)

(a) Options available to Ashok:

1. Allow immediate humanitarian entry only for civilians (women/children), provide medical aid/shelter, and detain soldiers for interrogation/deportation.
2. Deny entry to all, offer on-site medical/first aid from Indian side without crossing, and seek alternative evacuation routes.
3. Permit temporary entry for the entire group under strict supervision (disarm soldiers, quarantine), pending higher approval, while initiating relief.
4. Block entry completely and redirect the group back, alerting international agencies (UNHCR) for cross-border aid.

(b) Ethical and legal dilemmas faced by Ashok:

• Ethical: Humanitarian imperative to protect vulnerable lives (women/children's right to life, non-refoulement under international norms) vs. duty to national security and sovereignty (risk of rebels/infiltrators exploiting borders).
• Legal: Compliance with Indian immigration/foreigners laws (Passport Act, Foreigners Act) prohibiting unauthorized entry vs. constitutional obligations (Article 21: right to life) and international refugee conventions (1951 Refugee Convention, though India not signatory, customary law applies); handling armed soldiers raises AFSPA/anti-terrorism concerns.
• Broader tension: Short-term compassion (saving 200+ lives) vs. long-term precedents (encouraging mass influx, straining resources).

(c) Most appropriate option: Option 3 (Temporary entry under strict supervision, pending approval). Why: It balances ethical compassion (immediate medical aid/shelter for injured/crying civilians, upholding 'humanity first' in crises) with legal prudence (disarming/quarantining soldiers mitigates security risks, allows verification). In NE border volatility, outright denial risks deaths/human rights violations; full civilian-only entry ignores soldiers' potential defector status. This aligns with India's refugee policy (ad hoc humanitarianism, e.g., Tibetans/Bangladeshis), enables documentation for UNHCR, and buys time for connectivity restoration/higher orders, preventing unilateral overreach while embodying administrative empathy and accountability.

(d) Extra precautionary measures by Border Guarding Police for soldiers:

• Immediate disarming and weapon confiscation under supervision to neutralize threats.
• Separate soldiers from civilians in secure holding areas for identity verification (biometrics, intel cross-checks with military/IB).
• Medical screening for all, including soldiers, to rule out infections/explosives; frisking for hidden arms.
• Video-document interactions; alert BSF/IB for real-time intel on group origins (defectors vs. infiltrators).
• Limit mobility, provide basic aid without privileges, and prepare for handover to higher authorities post-assessment.